# VirialVLE:Background:Quadrupole Term

 Introduction Background Basic Layout Examples VLE Example Problems Run Simulation Assessment References Credits Etomica Modules

For a small molecule such as CO2 molecule it is possible to perform a fairly high–level ab–initio computation of the quadrupole moment tensor elements ${\displaystyle Q_{\alpha \beta }}$ . As an example, for an isolated CO2 molecule at zero Kelvin a calculation at the ab–initio CCSD/cc-pVTZ level of theory (including geometry optimization) with the Gaussian 03 code yielded the following result:

Quadrupole moment (field-independent basis, debye${\displaystyle \cdot }$Å):
XX= -14.6739 YY= -14.6739 ZZ= -19.8172
XY= 0.0000 XZ= 0.0000 YZ= 0.0000

for the CO2 molecule aligned with the z–axis and the carbon atom at the coordinate origin. The optimized C=O bond length was 1.159 Å which is very close to the experimental bond length of 1.162 Å obtained by Herzberg (1966) as retreived from the CCCBDB. (accessed in Feb. 2008, it was not explicitly stated whether the experiment refers to ${\displaystyle R_{0}}$ or ${\displaystyle R_{e}}$, we assume it is the equilibrium value ${\displaystyle R_{e}}$).

The Gaussian code outputs the Cartesian quadrupole moments, i.e. instead of Eq. (5) it calculates and prints

${\displaystyle q_{\alpha \beta }=\int dr\cdot \rho (r)r_{\alpha }r_{\beta }}$ ..... (Equation 8)

This q–tensor is not traceless. The conversion to Eq. (5) is done via

${\displaystyle Q_{\alpha \beta }={\frac {1}{2}}[3q_{\alpha \beta }-\delta _{\alpha \beta }(q_{xx}+q_{yy}+q_{zz})]}$ ..... (Equation 9)

so ${\displaystyle Q_{zz}={\frac {1}{2}}[3q_{zz}-(q_{xx}+q_{yy}+q_{zz})]={\frac {1}{2}}[2q_{zz}-q_{xx}-q_{yy}]}$

For CO2, because of rotational symmetry we have ${\displaystyle q_{xx}=q_{yy}}$, therefore ${\displaystyle Q_{zz}=q_{zz}-q_{xx}}$. From the computed data above, we obtain ${\displaystyle Q_{zz}}$ = -5.1433. For the linear CO2 molecule the magnitude of this value is the quadrupole moment Q, the numerical parameter that is adjusted in the module Virial along with the LJ parameters ${\displaystyle \epsilon }$ and ${\displaystyle \sigma }$ to fit the experimental B(T) data. The quadrupole moment is also one of the parameters that can be supplied as input for the VLE module to simulate the phase equilibrium. The units of Q are usually given in debye${\displaystyle \cdot }$Å, i.e. a dipole moment units multiplied with a length unit. Both are “atomic scale” units appropriate to describe the quadrupole moment of a single molecule.